Recent, highly publicized cases of police
using deadly force against people of color, including the shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Mo. on Aug. 9, underscore the need for the social work profession to call for reforms in the nation’s law enforcement systems.
This issue is important for the profession, which has a long history of working to end all vestiges of institutional racism and racial disparities, including in law enforcement.
President Obama on August 18 said he will send Attorney General Eric Holder to monitor the situation in Ferguson, where protestors have repeatedly clashed with police.
Holder has already ordered the U.S. Justice Department to lead a broad review of police tactics, including the kind of deadly force that lead to the death of Brown, an 18-year-old African American male who was unarmed.
The need for such a review is urgent. In the past five years, the country has seen several dramatic and tragic incidents that have brought into question the use of force, especially deadly force by police against people of color.
Examples of the use of excessive force by law enforcement officers include the the January 2009 shooting of a 25-year-old black man in an Oakland, Calif., that was dramatized in the film “Fruitvale Station”; the beating of a 51-year-old black woman by Alameda County, Calif. police in July; the August 1 chokehold death of Eric Garner, 43, in Staten Island, N.Y., for allegedly selling individual cigarettes; and the more recent shooting of Brown in Missouri.
Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) statistics help put this issue in context. According to BJS, there were 4,813 arrest-related deaths in the United States between 2003 and 2009. Of that number:
- Nearly 70 percent was due to homicide by law enforcement,
- More than 90 percent of the arrest-related homicides were of males, and
- 74 percent of the decedents between the ages of 18-44.
The racial composition of homicide-related deaths during that same period shows that there is a clear racial/ethnic disparity among the arrest-related deaths. Whites represented 42.1 percent of the decedents while the combined Latino and African American percentage of decedents was 54.5 percent, well above their percentage of the nation’s population.
Another interesting fact is that more than 93 percent of the deaths were caused by local police departments or sheriff departments, according to BJS.
The excessive force data clearly suggests racial disparities in the application of over-aggressive and potentially lethal police action during police encounters.
The data also reinforces the sense that there is a culture within some law enforcement departments that accepts aggressive behavior during encounters with young men of color. The result is distrust between black and brown communities and law enforcement agencies.
The Justice Department is also expected to look into how police encounter or arrest people living with a developmental or psychiatric disability. Social workers are concerned because far too often the person being arrested is someone with limited capacity to respond to police commands or manage their emotions.
The Justice review of law enforcement tactic is welcomed and necessary. In fact, DOJ’s announcement of its plan to conduct a review included a plan to analyze the efficacy of having law enforcement officers wear body cameras while on duty. Other law enforcement experts, such as the Public Advocate for the City of New York, have made similar suggestions.
They point to the role that video recordings had in documenting the misconduct of law enforcement officers in the death of Eric Garner, the dragging a Brooklyn grandmother out of her apartment in her underwear, and a California Highway Patrolman repeatedly punching a woman in the face.
The premise is that body cameras would have the effect of making officers use more caution in the use of force in an arrest. On the other hand, the cameras can provide evidence the officer used necessary and justifiable force in the face of a police brutality accusation.
Related Resources:
Social Work Policy Institute, Achieving Racial Equity: Calling the Social Work Profession to Action
NASW Diversity and Equity Website
For more information on NASW’s criminal justice advocacy and related topics, please contact Mel Wilson, manager of the Department Social Justice and Human Rights, at mwilson@naswdc.org.
